Eigenschappen
| Context | |
|---|---|
| prefLabel | |
| altLabel | Resilience |
| hiddenLabel | |
| inScheme | |
| subject | |
| broader | |
| narrower | Ecological resilience, Engineering resilience |
| partOf | |
| association | Ecosystem Service |
| related | |
| creator |
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Definitie
There are many different definitions for “resilience”. Here we follow Holling (1973). According to Holling (1973), resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to tolerate disturbances and recover autonomously by natural regeneration without collapsing or shifting into a qualitatively differenct state, controlled by a different set of processes. Ecosystems do not have one single equilibrium, but can have multiple different states, also called stability domains, or domains of attraction. Systems have the capacity to absorb disturbances, but this capacity has limits and boundaries. When these limits are exceeded, the system may rapidly transform and change to another domain of attraction. This is called a regime shift. This implies that thresholds for changes should be avoided in order to maintain the ecosystem in its current (dynamic) state. Resilience is necessary to sustain desirable ecosystem states and may be an essential factor underlying the sustained production of ecosystem services. If resilience is low or weakened, smaller or briefer disturbances can push the ecosystem into a different state, where its dynamics change. Although different events can trigger shifts to other states, loss of ecosystem resilience paves the way for a shift to occur (Folke et al., 2004). Resilience can be degraded by a large variety of factors which largely depend on underlying, slowly changing variables such as climate, land use, nutrient stocks, human values and policies. Once an ecosystem enters a new state, restoration can be complex, expensive, and sometimes even impossible. Research suggests that restoring some systems to their previous state requires a return to environmental conditions well before the collapse. It will be more efficient to prevent this shift, rather than cure its effects. The Resilience Alliance distinguishes seven principles to sustain resilience: (1) maintaining diversity and redundancy; (2) manage connectivity; (3) manage slow variables and feedbacks; (4) foster complex adaptive systems thinking; (5) encourage learning; (6) broaden participation and (7) promote polycentric governance systems. (ref + url) Resilience has two faces: engineering resilience and ecological resilience (Holling, 1996).
Further reading: Simonsen et al., 2014
